The verdict imposed on Omar Khadr demonstrates to the world how corrupt the liberal-democratic system is. After 8 years of torture, do they really expect anyone to believe that Khadr pleaded guilty of his own accord? Omar Khadr is just another victim of the Capitalist system that victimizes not just Muslims, but also its own citizens. Only the Khilafah can offer a just system for all of humanity as it is based on the revelation from the Creator.
As reported in the Toronto Star, by pleading “guilty to throwing a grenade when he was 15 that fatally wounded Sgt. First Class Christopher Speer, [Omar] Khadr is convicted of attempted murder, spying, conspiracy and providing material support to terrorism”. Soon after his plea, the military jury handed out a sentence of 40 years – 15 years more than the sentence recommended by the prosecution. However, due to a plea deal between Omar Khadr and the prosecution he will serve 8 years; one year in the US and the remaining years in Canada.
How can you charge a soldier with murder?
The first issue is to question the murder charge itself. From a common sense perspective, to hand out a murder charge on the battlefield is like handing out a speeding ticket at a car race. The murder charge opens up the issue of not just Omar Khadr but all the prisoners at Guantanamo Bay: Why are they not afforded “prisoner of war” (POW) status? POWs are not subject to torture, murder charges; etc as it is recognized the actions they took were in the context of war.
In the global scene, the US has attracted the harsh criticism for its treatment of prisoners in Guantanamo, Bagram (in Afghanistan), and Abu Ghraib (in Iraq). Also, President Barack Obama has received heavy criticism for backing away from his original promise to close the prison within 1 year of office. US officials have defended the violation of rights of the detainees by arguing that they are “illegal combatants” and, therefore, not entitled to the protections afforded by the Geneva Convention.
Case of ‘double standards’ or a deeper problem?
One may criticize the treatment of Khadr and the other inmates at Guantanamo as an issue of “double standards”: one standard for Muslims and another standard for everyone else. However, double standards are not the key problem. The root of the problem is the fundamental idea that liberal-democracy is based upon: that man is free to do what he wants and the Creator is not allowed to interfere in his affairs. As a result, when a democratic country tackles the issue of the Geneva Convention, or any other law, it can always argue that the people who wrote the law were unaware of the current circumstances and therefore the law does not apply to their particular situation. The result is that the law lacks any sense of permanence and is always subject to change. From the liberal-democratic perspective, if men are all equal, then the law can be changed by anyone.
Irregularities in the evidence against Khadr
Despite the obvious absurdity of the murder charge itself, the US government accidentally released a secret five page document, which casts doubt as to whether Khadr actually threw the grenade that killed Speers. As reported in the Toronto Star, the document revealed the following:
• No one saw Omar Khadr actually throw the grenade; the American operative claimed it was Khadr based on his own assessment of the situation
• For years, it was maintained as absolute fact that Khadr threw the grenade because he was the only one alive on the battlefield. However, the secret report revealed that another fighter was found alive during the firefight – thus opening up the possibility that this fighter could have thrown the grenade instead of Khadr.
• Khadr’s back was facing Speers when he was shot. How could he throw the grenade if he was facing the wrong way?
Guilty Verdict: A true piece of theatre
The guilty verdict held by the prosecution as proof of his guilt was truly a piece of theatre. Guantanamo’s Chief Prosecutor John Murphy stated, “He’s convicted on his own words.” Do they really expect any individual to believe that, after years of torture, Omar Khadr pleaded guilty out of his own freewill?
For years Khadr maintained he would never plead guilty. Furthermore, Dennis Edney (Khadr’s Canadian lawyer), “believes Khadr is innocent and had no choice in the case”. To this point, Khadr had a decision to make: either take the plea deal and serve another 8 years, seven of them potentially in Canada or die in a US prison as an old man! May Allah (swt) have mercy on him and any Muslim who has to face such tremendous fitnah!
The guilty plea was coerced out of Khadr to cover up the years of inhumane treatment meted by the American government to a teenager. The full ordeal faced by Omar is only known to Allah (swt), but we know the following:
• After capture, he was subject to interrogation – while on his stretcher. As per Khadr’s own affidavit, he was in so much pain from his wounds that he could not stand and yet he was interrogated. The interrogations were rough to the point that on one occasion the interrogators grabbed and pulled him off the stretcher, thereby injuring his knee.
• Khadr complained to Canadian officials about his medical treatment: the wounds he sustained in the firefight, in his eye and shoulder, were infected. Blood seeped out of his wounds simply by dabbing his shirt.
• He was subject to sleep deprivation torture and constant moving from one cell block to another. Every three hours he would be moved to have a set of new cell mates and be deprived of consistent sleep.
• An article in Commondreams.org noted the following was done to Khadr: “Khadr stated that he was short-shackled in painful positions and left for up to ten hours in a freezing cold cell, threatened with rape and with being transferred to another country where he could be raped, and, on one particular occasion, when he had been left short-shackled in a painful position until he urinated on himself: “Military police poured pine oil on the floor and on me, and then, with me lying on my stomach and my hands and feet cuffed together behind me, the military police dragged me back and forth through the mixture of urine and pine oil on the floor. Later, I was put back in my cell, without being allowed a shower or a change of clothes. I was not given a change of clothes for two days. They did this to me again a few weeks later.””
Based on this treatment, is it a shock to anyone that he would plead guilty to get out of this nightmare? To this point, Omar Khadr stated in his 2008 affidavit that “During this interrogation, the more questions and the more I gave him the answers he wanted, the less [WORDS CENSORED] on me. I figured out right away that I would simply tell them whatever I thought they wanted to hear in order to keep them from causing me [WORDS CENSORED].”
Do not expect justice or compassion from democracy
The abuse, torture, and oppression of Omar Khadr illustrate how the liberal-democratic system is beyond redemption. A state that can boldly claim that a person subject to continuous inhumane treatment for 8 years is guilty by his own words is a state that has lost any credibility. What happened to Omar Khadr illustrates the sheer hatred and malice that the system holds for human beings, especially Muslims. No one, especially Muslims, should expect justice, compassion or mercy to come from this system.
This is only one example of the systematic terror that liberal-democracy metes out to Muslims. As if the bombardment and slaughter of Muslims in Iraq, Afghanistan, and Palestine was not cruel enough, the CIA actually bombed and killed flood victims in Pakistan! MSNBC reported on Aug 23/10: “After a little-noticed, weeks-long disruption caused by the monsoons that devastated Pakistan, the CIA in recent days has picked up the pace of its missile strikes against Islamic militants, with back-to-back attacks against terror targets that have reportedly killed 26 people, including 7 civilians, in the country’s northwest region.”
(www.msnbc.msn.com/id/38823715/ns/ world_news-south_and_central_asia)
Beyond the obvious brutality towards Muslims, we must also be certain that the liberal-democratic system has no compassion for its own citizens either. In 2009 alone, 2.8 million people in the US received foreclosure notices. To put this number in better perspective, on an average day in 2009, 7,500+ families became homeless! As this was taking place, billions of dollars were poured into the banks to bail them out, while almost nothing was done to help the average American family. If the system can be so ruthless to its own citizens, what better can Muslims possibly expect from it?
Islam: A beacon of light for Muslims and non-Muslims
The only solution for Muslims is to work to re-establish the Khilafah Rashida in the Muslim lands according to the method of RasulAllah (saw). Although some see the Khilafah as a distant and unachievable solution, the reality is that without the Khilafah we have no security, no home, and no authority to turn to in this world in the face of tyranny and oppression – a fact that Omar Khadr is well aware of.
As it is narrated, the Prophet (saw) said: “Indeed, the Imam is a shield, behind whom the Muslims fight and protect themselves.” [Muslim]
Also, the Khilafah is a shelter for anyone who seeks the protection of the Khilafah State. For the millions of people who are made homeless by the Capitalist system; who, other than the Islamic authority, can they turn to? Their own system has abandoned them. The Shariah goes so far as to even offer rights to prisoners of war (POWs) who are captured and held by the State. The Khilafah State does not have the right to indefinitely detain the POWs or torture them. More importantly, no one can change the law – because it is from Allah (swt). The prisoners are given the ability to free themselves by providing some type of benefit to the state. Alternatively, arrangements can be made with the state that sent them (e.g. exchange of prisoners, etc). For example, after the battle of Badr, the POWs were free to go if they taught 10 individuals how to write. Also, if the POWs were to choose Islam out of their own free will, then they would be freed. This is based on the following ayat:
فَإِذا لَقِيتُمُ الَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا فَضَرْبَ الرِّقَابِ حَتَّى إِذَا أَثْخَنْتُمُوهُمْ فَشُدُّوا الْوَثَاقَ فَإِمَّا مَنًّا بَعْدُ وَإِمَّا فِدَاءً حَتَّى تَضَعَ الْحَرْبُ أَوْزَارَهَا
“When you have overcome them, then make (them) prisoners, and afterwards either set them free as a favour or let them ransom (themselves) until the war terminates.” [TMQ 47:4]
Allah (swt) has obligated the army of the Islamic State to treat captured prisoners with care. Allah (swt) revealed:
وَيُطْعِمُونَ الطَّعَامَ عَلَى حُبِّهِ مِسْكِينًا وَيَتِيمًا وَأَسِيرًا (8) إِنَّمَا نُطْعِمُكُمْ لِوَجْهِ اللَّهِ لَا نُرِيدُ مِنْكُمْ جَزَاءً وَلَا شُكُورًا (9) إِنَّا نَخَافُ مِنْ رَبِّنَا يَوْمًا عَبُوسًا قَمْطَرِيرًا
“And they give food out of love for Him to the poor and the orphan and the captive: We only feed you for Allah's sake; we desire from you neither reward nor thanks: Surely we fear from our Lord a stern, distressful day.” [TMQ 76:8-10]
As a result, when the army gives food to the captives they are not supposed to even expect gratitude from the POWs. An example of this can be seen after the great battle of Badr, when the prisoners of war from Quraysh were brought to the Messenger of Allah (saw) who assigned them to the custody of individual Muslims. The Messenger of Allah (saw) said, “Treat them well.” Amongst the prisoners was Abu ‘Aziz ibn ‘Umayr, the brother of Mus’ab ibn ‘Umayr (ra). Abu ‘Aziz narrates what happened: “I was among a group of Ansaar…Whenever they had lunch or dinner they would give me bread and dates to eat in obedience to the Messenger of Allah’s (saw) instruction to them to treat us well.”
May Allah (swt) bring back the shield of this Ummah and the beacon of hope for humanity.
أَلَيْسَ اللَّهُ بِأَحْكَمِ الْحَاكِمِينَ
"Is not Allah the Best of judges?" [TMQ 95:8]
[Taken from PAM Website]
About this blog
In recent times a plethora of misconceptions, misrepresentation and myths have been forged about Islam
and Muslims. Many western influentials from politicians, policymakers to judges have taken it upon
themselves to undermine the Islamic beliefs, values and rules so to make it palatable to their
egotistic minds and the secular liberal thoughts.
This blog is dedicated:-
1. To argue the point for Islam in its belief and systems and to refute the misconceptions.
2. To expose the weakness and contradictions of all forms of secularism.
and Muslims. Many western influentials from politicians, policymakers to judges have taken it upon
themselves to undermine the Islamic beliefs, values and rules so to make it palatable to their
egotistic minds and the secular liberal thoughts.
This blog is dedicated:-
1. To argue the point for Islam in its belief and systems and to refute the misconceptions.
2. To expose the weakness and contradictions of all forms of secularism.
4 Dec 2010
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What they said...
“Islam represented the greatest military power on earth…It was the foremost economic power in the world…It had achieved the highest level so far in human history, in the arts and sciences of civilization...Islam in contrast created a world civilization, poly-ethnic, multiracial, international, one might even say intercontinental.”
[Bernard Lewis, Professor of Near Eastern Studies, Orientalist and Historian, 2001]
"There was once a civilization that was the greatest in the world. It was able to create a continental super-state that stretched from ocean to ocean, and from northern climes to tropics and deserts…the civilization I'm talking about was the Islamic world from the year 800 to 1600… Although we are often unaware of our indebtedness to this other civilization, its gifts are very much a part of our heritage"
[Carly Fiorina, ex-CEO of Hewlett-Packard, 2001]
"For the first three centuries of its existence (circ. A.D 650-1000) the realm of Islam was the most civilized and progressive portion of the world. Studded with splendid cities, gracious mosques and quiet universities where the wisdom of the ancient world was preserved and appreciated, the Moslem world offered a striking contrast to the Christian West, then sunk in the night of the Dark Ages."
[Lothrop Stoddard, Ph.D (Harvard), American political theorist and historian, 1932]
"Medieval Islam was technologically advanced and open to innovation. It achieved far higher literacy rates than in contemporary Europe;it assimilated the legacy of classical Greek civilization to such a degree that many classical books are now known to us only through Arabic copies. It invented windmills ,trigonometry, lateen sails and made major advances in metallurgy, mechanical and chemical engineering and irrigation methods. In the middle-ages the flow of technology was overwhelmingly from Islam to Europe rather from Europe to Islam. Only after the 1500's did the net direction of flow begin to reverse."
[Jared Diamond, UCLA sociologist and Author, 1997]
"No other society has such a record of success in uniting in an equality of status, of opportunity and endeavour so many and so varied races of mankind. The great Muslim communities of Africa, India and Indonesia, perhaps also the small community in Japan, show that Islam has still the power to reconcile apparently irreconcilable elements of race and tradition. If ever the opposition of the great societies of the East and west is to be replaced by cooperation, the mediation of Islam is an indispensable condition."
[Hamilton Alexander Rosskeen Gibb, Professor at Harvard University, 1932]
“The Muhammadan Law which is binding on all -- from the crowned head to the meanest subject is a law interwoven with a system of the wisest, the most learned and the most enlightened jurisprudence that ever existed in the world.”
[Edmund Burke, British Statesman and Philosopher, 1789]
"The Exile here is not like in our homeland. The Turks hold respectable Jews in esteem. Here and in Alexandria, Egypt, Jews are the chief officers and administrators of the customs, and the king’s revenues. No injuries are perpetuated against them in all the empire. Only this year, in consequence of the extraordinary expenditure caused by the war against Shah Tahmsap al-Sufi, were the Jews required to make advances of loans to the princes."
[David dei Rossi, Jewish Traveller 17CE, quoted by Norman A. Stillman, The Jews of Arab Lands]
"The notable religious tolerance towards Christians and Jew under Muslim rule had given way to the uncompromising zealotry of Spanish Inquisition. Jews and Muslims thus fled Spain with large numbers of Jews immigrating to the Ottoman Empire which was known for its tolerance to the Jews."
[Graham Fuller, Author and former CIA, 1995]
“If there is much misunderstanding in the West about the nature of Islam, there is also much ignorance about the debt our own culture and civilization owe to the Islamic world. It is a failure, which stems, I think, from the straightjacket of history, which we have inherited. The medieval Islamic world, from central Asia to the shores of the Atlantic, was a world where scholars and men of learning flourished. But because we have tended to see Islam as the enemy of the West, as an alien culture, society, and systems of beliefs, we have tended to ignore or erase its great relevance to our own history”
[Charles Philip Arthur George, HRH The Prince of Wales, 1993]
"...Not being subject to the Sharia, Jews and Christians were free to go to their own religious authorities for adjudication of disputes; but in many cases they went instead to the [Muslim] Qadi"
[Richard W. Bulliet, Professor of History and Author, 2004]
"Here in the land of the Turks we have nothing to complain of. We possess great fortunes; much gold and silver are in our hands. We are not oppressed by heavy taxes and our commerce is free and unhindered. Rich are the fruits of the earth. Everything is cheap and each one of us lives in freedom. Here a Jew is not compelled to wear a yellow star as a badge of shame as is the case in Germany where even wealth and great fortune is a curse for a Jew because he therewith arouses jealousy among the Christians and they devise all kinds of slander against him to rob him of his gold. Arise my brethren, gird up your loins, collect up your forces and come to us."
[In his book 'Constantinople', Philip Mansel quotes a rabbi in Turkey writing to his brethren in Europe where they were facing increasing persecution after 1453]
"Praise be to the beneficent God for his mercy towards me! Kings of the earth, to whom his [the Caliph’s] magnificence and power are known, bring gifts to him, conciliating his favour by costly presents, such as the king of the Germans, the king of the Gebalim, the king of Constantinople, and others. All their gifts pass through my hands, and I am charged with making gifts in return. (Let my lips express praise to the God in heaven who so far extends his loving kindness towards me without any merit of my own, but in the fullness of his mercies.) I always ask the ambassadors of these monarchs about our brethren the Jews, the remnant of the captivity, whether they have heard anything concerning the deliverance of those who have pined in bondage and had found no rest."
[Hasdai Ibn Shaprut (915-990 CE) Jewish physician, chief minister of Islamic Caliphate in Cordova, 'The Jewish Caravan']
"In Baghdad there are about forty thousand Jews, and they dwell in security, prosperity, and honour under the great Caliph [al-Mustanjid, 1160-70 CE], and amongst them are great sages, the Heads of the Academies engaged in the study of the Law…’"
[Benjamin of Tudela, Rabbi in Baghdad in the year 1168 CE, 'The Jew in the Medieval World']
"Those Eastern thinkers of the ninth century laid down, on the basis of their theology, the principle of the Rights of Man, in those very terms, comprehending the rights of individual liberty, and of inviolability of person and property; described the supreme power in Islam, or Califate, as based on a contract, implying conditions of capacity and performance, and subject to cancellation if the conditions under the contract were not fulfilled; elaborated a Law of War of which the humane, chivalrous prescriptions would have put to the blush certain belligerents in the Great War; expounded a doctrine of toleration of non-Moslem creeds so liberal that our West had to wait a thousand years before seeing equivalent principles adopted.
[Leon Ostorog, French Jurist]
"The debt of our science to that of the Arabs does not consist in startling discoveries or revolutionary theories; science owes a great deal more to Arab culture, it owes its existence"
[Robert Briffault, Novelist and Historian, 1928]
"The only effective link between the old and the new science is afforded by the Arabs. The dark ages come as an utter gap in the scientific history of Europe, and for more than a thousand years there was not a scientific man of note except in Arabia"
[Oliver Joseph Lodge, Writer and Professor of Physics, 1893]
“Thus, when Muslims crossed the straits of Gibraltar from North Africa in 711 and invaded the Iberian Peninsula, Jews welcomed them as liberators from Christian Persecution.”
[Zion Zohar, Jewish scholar at Florida International University, 2005]
[Bernard Lewis, Professor of Near Eastern Studies, Orientalist and Historian, 2001]
"There was once a civilization that was the greatest in the world. It was able to create a continental super-state that stretched from ocean to ocean, and from northern climes to tropics and deserts…the civilization I'm talking about was the Islamic world from the year 800 to 1600… Although we are often unaware of our indebtedness to this other civilization, its gifts are very much a part of our heritage"
[Carly Fiorina, ex-CEO of Hewlett-Packard, 2001]
"For the first three centuries of its existence (circ. A.D 650-1000) the realm of Islam was the most civilized and progressive portion of the world. Studded with splendid cities, gracious mosques and quiet universities where the wisdom of the ancient world was preserved and appreciated, the Moslem world offered a striking contrast to the Christian West, then sunk in the night of the Dark Ages."
[Lothrop Stoddard, Ph.D (Harvard), American political theorist and historian, 1932]
"Medieval Islam was technologically advanced and open to innovation. It achieved far higher literacy rates than in contemporary Europe;it assimilated the legacy of classical Greek civilization to such a degree that many classical books are now known to us only through Arabic copies. It invented windmills ,trigonometry, lateen sails and made major advances in metallurgy, mechanical and chemical engineering and irrigation methods. In the middle-ages the flow of technology was overwhelmingly from Islam to Europe rather from Europe to Islam. Only after the 1500's did the net direction of flow begin to reverse."
[Jared Diamond, UCLA sociologist and Author, 1997]
"No other society has such a record of success in uniting in an equality of status, of opportunity and endeavour so many and so varied races of mankind. The great Muslim communities of Africa, India and Indonesia, perhaps also the small community in Japan, show that Islam has still the power to reconcile apparently irreconcilable elements of race and tradition. If ever the opposition of the great societies of the East and west is to be replaced by cooperation, the mediation of Islam is an indispensable condition."
[Hamilton Alexander Rosskeen Gibb, Professor at Harvard University, 1932]
“The Muhammadan Law which is binding on all -- from the crowned head to the meanest subject is a law interwoven with a system of the wisest, the most learned and the most enlightened jurisprudence that ever existed in the world.”
[Edmund Burke, British Statesman and Philosopher, 1789]
"The Exile here is not like in our homeland. The Turks hold respectable Jews in esteem. Here and in Alexandria, Egypt, Jews are the chief officers and administrators of the customs, and the king’s revenues. No injuries are perpetuated against them in all the empire. Only this year, in consequence of the extraordinary expenditure caused by the war against Shah Tahmsap al-Sufi, were the Jews required to make advances of loans to the princes."
[David dei Rossi, Jewish Traveller 17CE, quoted by Norman A. Stillman, The Jews of Arab Lands]
"The notable religious tolerance towards Christians and Jew under Muslim rule had given way to the uncompromising zealotry of Spanish Inquisition. Jews and Muslims thus fled Spain with large numbers of Jews immigrating to the Ottoman Empire which was known for its tolerance to the Jews."
[Graham Fuller, Author and former CIA, 1995]
“If there is much misunderstanding in the West about the nature of Islam, there is also much ignorance about the debt our own culture and civilization owe to the Islamic world. It is a failure, which stems, I think, from the straightjacket of history, which we have inherited. The medieval Islamic world, from central Asia to the shores of the Atlantic, was a world where scholars and men of learning flourished. But because we have tended to see Islam as the enemy of the West, as an alien culture, society, and systems of beliefs, we have tended to ignore or erase its great relevance to our own history”
[Charles Philip Arthur George, HRH The Prince of Wales, 1993]
"...Not being subject to the Sharia, Jews and Christians were free to go to their own religious authorities for adjudication of disputes; but in many cases they went instead to the [Muslim] Qadi"
[Richard W. Bulliet, Professor of History and Author, 2004]
"Here in the land of the Turks we have nothing to complain of. We possess great fortunes; much gold and silver are in our hands. We are not oppressed by heavy taxes and our commerce is free and unhindered. Rich are the fruits of the earth. Everything is cheap and each one of us lives in freedom. Here a Jew is not compelled to wear a yellow star as a badge of shame as is the case in Germany where even wealth and great fortune is a curse for a Jew because he therewith arouses jealousy among the Christians and they devise all kinds of slander against him to rob him of his gold. Arise my brethren, gird up your loins, collect up your forces and come to us."
[In his book 'Constantinople', Philip Mansel quotes a rabbi in Turkey writing to his brethren in Europe where they were facing increasing persecution after 1453]
"Praise be to the beneficent God for his mercy towards me! Kings of the earth, to whom his [the Caliph’s] magnificence and power are known, bring gifts to him, conciliating his favour by costly presents, such as the king of the Germans, the king of the Gebalim, the king of Constantinople, and others. All their gifts pass through my hands, and I am charged with making gifts in return. (Let my lips express praise to the God in heaven who so far extends his loving kindness towards me without any merit of my own, but in the fullness of his mercies.) I always ask the ambassadors of these monarchs about our brethren the Jews, the remnant of the captivity, whether they have heard anything concerning the deliverance of those who have pined in bondage and had found no rest."
[Hasdai Ibn Shaprut (915-990 CE) Jewish physician, chief minister of Islamic Caliphate in Cordova, 'The Jewish Caravan']
"In Baghdad there are about forty thousand Jews, and they dwell in security, prosperity, and honour under the great Caliph [al-Mustanjid, 1160-70 CE], and amongst them are great sages, the Heads of the Academies engaged in the study of the Law…’"
[Benjamin of Tudela, Rabbi in Baghdad in the year 1168 CE, 'The Jew in the Medieval World']
"Those Eastern thinkers of the ninth century laid down, on the basis of their theology, the principle of the Rights of Man, in those very terms, comprehending the rights of individual liberty, and of inviolability of person and property; described the supreme power in Islam, or Califate, as based on a contract, implying conditions of capacity and performance, and subject to cancellation if the conditions under the contract were not fulfilled; elaborated a Law of War of which the humane, chivalrous prescriptions would have put to the blush certain belligerents in the Great War; expounded a doctrine of toleration of non-Moslem creeds so liberal that our West had to wait a thousand years before seeing equivalent principles adopted.
[Leon Ostorog, French Jurist]
"The debt of our science to that of the Arabs does not consist in startling discoveries or revolutionary theories; science owes a great deal more to Arab culture, it owes its existence"
[Robert Briffault, Novelist and Historian, 1928]
"The only effective link between the old and the new science is afforded by the Arabs. The dark ages come as an utter gap in the scientific history of Europe, and for more than a thousand years there was not a scientific man of note except in Arabia"
[Oliver Joseph Lodge, Writer and Professor of Physics, 1893]
“Thus, when Muslims crossed the straits of Gibraltar from North Africa in 711 and invaded the Iberian Peninsula, Jews welcomed them as liberators from Christian Persecution.”
[Zion Zohar, Jewish scholar at Florida International University, 2005]
“Throughout much of the period in question, Arabic served as the global language of scholarship, and learned men of all stripes could travel widely and hold serious and nuanced discussions in this lingua franca. Medieval Western scholars who wanted access to the latest findings also needed to master the Arabic Tongue or work from translations by those who had done so.”
[Jonathan Lyons, Author, Writer and Lecturer, 2009]
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